Russia’s repression record

Since Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, its media has experienced an unprecedented crackdown. Hundreds of journalists have been forced into exile, where they continue to face transnational legal persecution, and their families have been harassed back home. Meanwhile, reporting from inside Russia has become increasingly difficult, with journalists and media outlets often silenced by laws criminalizing independent coverage.

Since February 24, 2022, CPJ has documented:

• 26 journalists imprisoned on criminal charges: 14 Russian, 10 Ukrainian, and 2 American. Of these, 3 have been released, 2 gone into exile, and 1 was killed.

(To see CPJ’s 2022-2024 prison data by most recent, click twice on Date column. For 2025, see Ekaterina Barabash and Sasha Aleksandrova.)

Detained

May 2025

• SOTAvision journalist Veronika Orlova was detained on May 6 and sentenced the next day to 13 days of administrative detention on charges of “disobeying a police officer.” Grigory Potyomkin, a journalist with the Telegram-based outlet Apolitichno, and Yulia Petrova, a journalist with independent news outlet RusNews, were briefly detained on May 6 for respectively protesting Orlova’s detention and filming the protest.

April 2025

• Potyomkin was briefly detained in Moscow on April 16 for demonstrating in support of journalists Antonina Favorskaya, Artyom Kriger, Konstantin Gabov, and Sergey Karelin, who had been sentenced a day earlier to 5 ½ years in prison on extremism charges.

• Journalists Antonina Favorskaya, Artyom Krieger, Konstantin Gabov and Sergey Karelin, sentenced by a Moscow court on April 15 to five years and 6 months in jail on charges of participation in the anti-corruption movement of the late opposition leader Alexei Navalny.

March 2025

• Independent journalist Sasha Aleksandrova was detained on March 20, 2025, in the Siberian city of Yakutsk on charges of “justifying terrorism.” The reason for the charges was undisclosed. Aleksandrova, who worked with regional news outlets, left Russia in 2022 after the Russian invasion of Ukraine and created the now-deleted Telegram channel ZIMA, where she spoke out against the war and published content critical of Russian authorities. She returned to Russia in 2024.

• RusNews reporter Artyom Zubkov was detained for two days ahead of a March 3 trial, where he was fined 1,000 rubles (US$11) for demonstrating prohibited symbols eight years earlier in a video with the phrase “Putin won’t like this.” This legal action followed his brief detention on February 27 while driving to cover a picket in memory of opposition politician Boris Nemtsov in Siberia’s Barnaul city.

February 2025

• Independent news outlet RusNews’ journalists Petrova and Konstantin Zharov briefly detained in Moscow on February 27 during a live broadcast at the site where Nemtsov was murdered.

‘Foreign agent’ sanctions

Since 2017, Russian authorities have designated hundreds of media outlets and journalists as foreign agents, requiring them to regularly submit detailed reports of their activities and expenses to authorities and to list their designation on published content. Failure to comply can result in fines, prosecution, and up to two years in jail.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs regularly adds journalists with outstanding foreign agent fines to its wanted list for people sought on criminal charges, meaning they could be held in pretrial detention if they traveled to Russia or a country that might extradite them to Russia.

May 2025

• Exiled journalist and writer Mikhail Zygar fined 50,000 rubles (US$622) on May 13 for failing to list his foreign agent designation.

• A second criminal case was opened against Tatyana Felgenhauer, exiled producer and anchor for Mediazona YouTube channel, on or before May 14, on charges of “justifying terrorism.” An arrest warrant had been issued for her on December 20, 2024, for failing to list her designation.

• Exiled news website Meduza fined 400,000 rubles (US$4,958) on May 15 for violating the “foreign agent” law.

• Maksim Kuzakhmetov, an exiled journalist with the YouTube channel “Ishem Vykhod” (“Looking for a Way Out”) fined an undisclosed amount on May 15 for failing to list his designation. His bank accounts have been frozen, and he was barred from leaving Russia.

April 2025

• Exiled Dozhd (TV Rain) host Yulia Taratuta added to the wanted list on or before April 28, following the opening of a criminal “foreign agent” case against her on March 4 for failing to provide mandatory reports to the Justice Ministry. Tikhon Dzyadko, exiled editor-in-chief of Dozhd TV, was also added to the wanted list on or before April 30 on unknown charges. 

• Exiled blogger Yury Dud fined 45,000 rubles (US$560) on April 21 for failing to list his “foreign agent” designation, following a similar fine on December 27, 2024.

• Exiled Russian radio station Ekho Moskvy (Echo of Moscow) journalist Ksenia Larina and exiled freelance columnist Marianna Belenkaya fined 45,000 rubles (USD$538) on April 11 for failing to provide mandatory reports to the justice ministry. 

• On April 8, the Russian State Duma adopted a law that would allow Russia’s ministry of Justice to label persons “foreign agents” if found assisting foreign organizations “acting contrary” to Russia’s interests. On the same day, the Duma banned “foreign agents” from teaching or taking part in educational activities, such as hosting lectures or seminars.

March 2025

• Criminal foreign agent case opened against exiled investigative journalist Sergei Yezhov for failing to list his designation. Law enforcement searched his parents’ home in the western Russian city of Ryazan on March 17. Added to Russia’s wanted list.

• Sergey Smirnov, exiled editor-in-chief of independent news outlet Mediazona, added to wanted list on or before March 6. In December, criminal foreign agent case opened against him for failing to comply with the law. 

• On March 6, reports emerged that the Telegram channel of Mikhail Zygar, former editor-in-chief of exiled Russian broadcaster Dozhd TV, was banned in September 2024 for not listing his foreign agent designation and creating a “false impression” of the military. As far as CPJ is aware, it is the first time that a court has made such a ruling.

• Criminal foreign agent case opened on March 4 against exiled journalist Sergey Kovalchenko, editor of independent media outlet Vot Tak TV, for failing to comply with the “foreign agent” law.

February 2025

• Exiled blogger Ilya Varlamov’s bank accounts frozen in February 26 court order. Criminal case opened against him on November 25 for failing to list his designation.

• Exiled editor of investigative outlet Agentstvo Andrei Zatirko added to wanted list on or before February 25 on unknown criminal charges. In February 2024, he was charged with failing to list his designation, Mediazona reported.

• Feminist activist and exiled journalist Zalina Marshenkulova fined 45,000 rubles (US$502) on February 18 for failing to list her designation.

• Alina Grigoryeva, exiled journalist who formerly worked with Idel.Realii, the Tatar-Bashkir service of  U.S. Congress-funded Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), added to the wanted list on February 7 or before for failing to provide mandatory reports to the justice ministry.

January 2025

• Arrest warrant issued for exiled journalist Sergey Stepanov on January 15 for failing to comply with the law.

December 2024

• Criminal foreign agent case opened against Dmitry Kolezev, exiled former editor-in-chief of independent media outlet Republic, already sentenced to 7 ½ years in prison in absentia on charges of spreading fake news about the army.

• Seyran Ibrahimov, founder of Crimean Tatar newspaper Qirim, and editor-in-chief Bekir Mamutov fined a total of 44,000 rubles (US$438) on December 23 for failing to list the foreign agent designation of two outlets named in a report. Six fines were imposed on Ibrahimov and Mamutov over Qirim’s work in 2024, an anonymous representative with human rights group Crimean Solidarity told CPJ. 

• Criminal foreign agent case opened against Alesya Marokhovskaya, exiled editor-in-chief of investigative site IStories, for failing to provide mandatory reports to the Ministry of Justice. Her parents’ home in the far eastern city of Magadan was searched on December 5.

• Exiled journalists Maxim Trudolyubov, Andrey Malgin, and Ayder Muzhsabaev fined 45,000 rubles (US$449) each on December 4 for failing to list their designation.

November 2024

• Exiled journalist Ilya Davlyatchin, with the media project Mozhem Obyasnit, twice fined a total of 60,000 rubles (US$598) on November 29 for failing to submit information about a foreign agent to an authorized body. Under a Russia-Belarus treaty, Davlyatchin was also added to Russia’s wanted list on November 25 after Belarus charged him with “facilitating extremist activity” by appearing on independent Poland-based Belsat TV, for which the penalty is up to seven years in jail.

• Exiled journalist Kirill Nabutov, who runs YouTube channel Nabutovy, fined 30,000 rubles (US$299) on November 28 for failing to register as a foreign agent. 

• Exiled Mediazona journalist Alla Konstantinova fined 30,000 rubles (US$290) on November 23 for failing to submit a report on her activities.

• Journalist Alena Sadovskaya removed on November 13 from reporting on a court hearing for the foreign agent media outlet Caucasian Knot on the grounds her work could “negatively affect” the case.

• Exiled Mediazona editor-in-chief Sergey Smirnov, fined 50,000 rubles (US$483) on November 12 for failing to list his designation. Smirnov was previously fined four times, totaling 230,000 rubles (US$ 2,220), for failing to include both his and Mediazona’s listing on their content.

October 2024

• Exiled blogger and journalist Natalia Sevets-Ermolina added to the wanted list on October 31 for failing to list her designation.

• Exiled blogger and former journalist with exiled broadcaster Dozhd TV, Ilya Shepelin, fined 40,000 rubles (US$386) on October 15 for failing to list his designation.

• Exiled journalist Mikhail Rubin of the investigative news outlet Proekt fined 40,000 rubles (US$386) on October 11 for violation of the procedure for the activities of a foreign agent.

• Exiled foreign agent Natalya Baranova, who runs the Telegram channel “Experiencing activism,” learned she was added to the wanted list on or before September 24.

‘Undesirable’ organizations

Since 2021, numerous media outlets have been labeled undesirable, which means they are banned from operating in Russia. Anyone who participates in or works to organize the activities of such outlets faces up to six years in prison. It is also a crime to distribute the organizations’ content or donate to them.

A key target is the Latvia-based news site Meduza, which was blocked in Russia following its condemnation of the Ukraine war. The popular outlet is also listed as a foreign agent.

May 2025

• Criminal case opened against Meduza CEO Galina Timchenko, who won CPJ’s 2022 Gwen Ifill Press Freedom Award, on May 20 for organizing the activities of an “undesirable” organization.

• Exiled commentator Aleksandr Gabuev, serving as director of the Berlin-based Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center, was added to Russia’s wanted list on or before May 7. In early April, a criminal case had been opened against him under two articles of the criminal code: failing to comply with the foreign agent law and organizing the activities of an “undesirable” organization.

April 2025

• Host of a Meduza podcast Aleksandra Prokopenko fined 8,000 rubles (USD$95) on April 8 for participating in the activities of an “undesirable” organization” in connection with a June 2024 podcast episode on personnel changes in Russia’s Ministry of Defense and presidential administration.

• Yakutia.info editor-in-chief Denis Adamov fined 5,000 rubles (USD$60) on April 4 over his outlet’s mention of “undesirable” broadcaster Dozhd TV. Adamov received another 5,000 rubles fine on April 9 and a fine of undisclosed amount on April 8 for participating in the activities of an “undesirable” organization. He faces another fine on April 24. 

• Exiled Meduza journalist Lilya Yapparova fined 15,000 rubles (USD$174) on April 1 for participating in the activities of an “undesirable organization.”

March 2025

• On March 25, the Russian State Duma banned advertising on the websites of “undesirable” organizations.

• Exiled Meduza photo editor Evgeny Feldman fined 5,000 rubles (US$60) on March 25 over a YouTube video in which Feldman talks about photographers at war.

February 2025

• Norwegian nonprofit The Independent Barents Observer AS, publisher of the online newspaper The Barents Observer, declared undesirable on February 7.

January 2025

• Exiled journalist Darya Poryadina fined 5,000 rubles (US$56) on January 17 over her work with undesirable news outlet SOTA.

December 2024

• Exiled journalist Dmitry Kartsev fined 10,000 (US$98) rubles on December 26 for participating in a Meduza podcast.

• Exiled Vladislav Gorin fined 10,000 rubles (US$98) on December 17 for hosting a Meduza podcast.

November 2024

• Exiled Meduza journalist Andrey Pertsev fined 5,000 rubles (US$49) on November 27 for participating in a 2023 talk show by German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle.

• Meduza journalist Elizaveta Antonova fined 14,000 rubles (US$135) on November 25 for her April interview with the U.S. Congress-funded broadcaster Voice of America.

• Exiled Meduza journalist Anton Khitrov fined 10,000 rubles (US$100) on November 20 for taking part in a Meduza live stream about censorship.

• Maria Ivanova, editor-in-chief of local media outlet Yakutsk Vecherniy, fined 10,000 rubles (US$98) on November 19 for two posts with links to reports by an unspecified undesirable organization.

• Exiled Meduza journalist Margarita Lyutova fined 5,000 rubles (US$48) on November 5 for appearing on the YouTube channel The Breakfast Show in 2023.

‘Fake’ news

To prevent coverage of the Ukraine war, Russia’s parliament adopted two laws in March 2022 that criminalize the distribution of “knowingly false information” and discrediting the army. Those found to spread fake news can face up to 15 years in jail. 

April 2025

• On April 8, the Russian State Duma adopted a law that would allow Russian authorities to conduct trials in absentia against exiled Russian nationals on multiple criminal charges, including spreading “fake” news and “discrediting” the Russian army.

March 2025

• RusNews reporter Maria Ponomarenko sentenced on March 27 to 22 additional months in prison on charges of using violence against prison staff. She is serving a six-year prison sentence after being convicted in February 2023 on charges of spreading false information about the Russian military.

• Leonid Spirin, exiled editor-in-chief of the student media outlet Groza, added to the wanted list in March after Russian authorities charged him in January with “repeatedly discrediting of the Russian army” over a number of publications in Groza, as well as his own posts and comments about the war in Ukraine.

February 2025

• Arrest warrant issued for exiled RFE/RL journalist Sergei Medvedev in mid-February for spreading “fakes” about the Russian army.

• Ekaterina Barabash, film critic for independent outlet Republic, placed under two months’ house arrest on February 26 for spreading fake news. She fled on April 13 and was exfiltrated to France by the press freedom organization Reporters Without Borders (RSF).

• Sergey Mingazov, news editor with the Russian edition of Forbes magazine, fined 700,000 rubles (US$7,817) on February 26 for spreading false information about the military and freed from house arrest.

• Prosecutor requested on February 24 that RusNews reporter Maria Ponomarenko, who is serving six years on a fake news charge, be given an additional two years for alleged violence against prison staff.

• Criminal case opened on an unknown date against an unnamed Russian journalist for spreading fake news about the army in an August 2024 post marking the anniversary of Russia’s 2008 invasion of Georgia, Dozhd TV’s Dzyadko reported on February 14. It is the first time the 2022 law has been applied to a war other than Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, he said.

• Sergey Kustov, editor-in-chief of IvanovoNews outlet, focused on western Ivanovo region, fined 100,000 rubles (US$1,114) on February 12 for discrediting the armed forces in a report about missing soldiers in Ukraine.

Czech authorities told ex-state TV host Farida Kurbangaleeva on February 10 that Russia’s general prosecutor’s office had ordered her extradition in November 2024 on charges of justifying terrorism and spreading fake news. On February 13, Russian investigators questioned Kurbangaleeva’s parents at their home.

Sentenced to jail in absentia

Exiled journalists sentenced to jail in absentia would immediately be arrested if they traveled to Russia or a country that could extradite them to Russia.

2025

• Kirill Martynov, exiled editor-in-chief of Novaya Gazeta Europe and co-founder of the Free University, sentenced on April 22 to six years in prison on charges of organizing the activities of an “undesirable” organization. A court had issued an arrest warrant for him in November 2024 for running the two organizations.

• Exiled journalists  Ekaterina Fomina and Roman Anin sentenced on March 31 to 8.5 years in prison on charges of spreading “fake news” about the Russian army. 

• Exiled journalist Armen Aramyan, co-founder of ‘undesirable’ student publication DOXA, sentenced on February 27 to 10 years and 1 month on charges of justifying terrorism and fake news.

2024

• Russian-American journalist and writer Masha Gessen sentenced on July 15 to 8 years on fake news charges.

• Zygar, the former editor-in-chief of exiled Russian broadcaster Dozhd TV, sentenced on July 23 to 8½ years on fake news charges.

• Former editor-in-chief of the independent media outlet Republic Dmitry Kolezev sentenced on August 6 to 7½ years on fake news charges.

2023

• Ilya Krasilshchik sentenced on June 28 to 8 years on fake news charges.

• Founder of investigative project Conflict Intelligence Team Ruslan Leviev sentenced on August 29 to 11 years on fake news charges.

• Video blogger Michael Nacke sentenced on August 29 to 11 years on fake news charges.

‘LGBT propaganda’

April 2025

• Vladislav Voronin, editor-in-chief of Sports.ru, fined 200,000 rubles (US$2,487) on April 14 on charges of “LGBT propaganda” over an article about British LGBTQ+ orientated football club Stonewall FC.

• Vadim Vaganov, an LGBTQ+ activist and journalist with news outlet Parni+, on or before April 21 became the first person to be identified by the Justice Ministry as a member of the “international LGBT movement” since the Supreme Court designated the non-existent movement as “extremist” in November 2023. He was earlier fined 40,000 rubles (US$497) for not registering as a foreign agent and 45,000 rubles (US$557) for failing to list his designation.

Legal action against international journalists

Criminal charges

International journalists have been targeted for crossing into Russia’s Kursk region with the Ukrainian military, without permission. The penalty for illegal border crossings is up to five years in jail.

2025

• Spanish El Mundo newspaper correspondent Alberto Rojas was charged with allegedly crossing into the Kursk region illegally in February.

Arrest warrants in absentia

Russian courts have issued arrest warrants in absentia for at least 13 international journalists, previously charged with crossing illegally into the Kursk region as Ukrainian troops advanced on August 6, 2024.

2025

• Ukrainian TV channel 1+1’s correspondent Nataliya Nagorna and Ukrainian broadcaster My-Ukraina reporter Olesya Borovyk, and Swiss CH Media group correspondent Kurt Pelda on February 17.  

• Australian Broadcasting Corporation correspondent Kathryn Diss and camera operation Fletcher Yeung, both U.S. citizens, on February 6.

• Britain’s The Sun newspaper’s defense editor Jerome Starkey on January 29.

2024

• Ukrainian broadcaster Hromadske’s reporter Diana Butsko on December 6.

• German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle’s Nick Connolly on December 4.

• France 24’s Catherine Norris Trent on November 26.

• Romanian journalist Mircea Barbu who was on assignment for the news site HotNews on October 24.

• CNN’s Nick Paton Walsh on October 11.

• Italian public broadcaster RAI’s Stefania Battistini and Simone Traini on October 7.

In addition, under a Russia-Belarus treaty, Russian authorities regularly add to their wanted list exiled Belarusian journalists who face criminal charges in their homeland.

Denied international media accreditation

Since Ukraine’s full-scale invasion, Russia has revoked or failed to renew the media accreditation of at least seven international journalists:

2025

• French newspaper Le Monde’s correspondent Benjamin Quénelle on February 6.

2024

• German public broadcaster ARD’s Frank Aischmann and Sven Feller on November 27.

• Public broadcaster Austrian Radio and Television (ORF)’s Maria Knips-Witting on June 10.

• Spanish El Mundo newspaper’s correspondent  Xavier Colás on March 19.

2023

• Finnish newspaper correspondent Anna-Lena Laurén in May.

• Politico Europe Dutch journalist Eva Hartog on August 7.

2022

• Finnish newspaper Ilta-Sanomat’s correspondent Arja Paananen in October.

Denied entry

May 2025

On May 17, Kazakh journalist Irina Mednikova reported that she was told by airport staff in Kazakhstan that she was denied entry into Russia.

See also:

Russia fines 11 journalists, restricts 2 outlets with anti-state laws — July to September 2024

Russia seeks to arrest, prosecute, fine, and restrict 13 exiled journalists — June to July 2024