Afghanistan: 1

Mirwais Jalil, BBC World Service, July 29, 1994, near Kabul

Jalil, a 25-year-old reporter for the Pashto- and Persian-language sections of the BBC World Service, was kidnapped and murdered while returning from an interview with renegade prime minister Gulbuddin Hekmatyar at his base in Charasyab, south of Kabul. Five masked militiamen stopped Jalil's taxi and abducted him at gunpoint. The assailants released the taxi driver and an Italian journalist who was traveling with Jalil.

Jalil's body was discovered the following morning in Chelsitoon, on the outskirts of Kabul. He had been shot at least 20 times in the head and chest. Jalil had received threats during the year from several of Afghanistan's warring mujahedeen factions. He had aggressively covered the country's internecine civil war for the BBC, and his reports were widely recognized as authoritative in Afghanistan.


Algeria: 18

Olivier Quemener, free-lancer, February 1, 1994, Algiers

Quemener, a French free-lance television journalist, was shot and killed while on assignment in Algiers. His colleague Scott Allan White, an Australian free-lance journalist, was also shot. White suffered a bullet wound to the head and was hospitalized in serious condition. The two cameramen were attacked in the Casbah section of Algiers while shooting video footage that they had hoped to sell to ABC News.

Abdelkader Hireche, Algerian Television (ENTV), February 28, 1994, Algiers

Hireche, a journalist with Algerian Television (ENTV), was shot and killed in an eastern suburb of Algiers by three men bearing automatic weapons.

Hassan Benaouda, Algerian Television (ENTV), March 12, 1994, Algiers

Benaouda, a journalist with Algerian Television (ENTV), was shot in the head by a group of armed assailants in the Casbah section of Algiers on March 5, 1994. He died of his wounds one week later.

Yahia Djamel Benzaghou, Prime Minister's Press Department, March 19, 1994, Algiers

Benzaghou, director of Prime Minister Redha Malek's Press Department and a former reporter for the National Liberation Front daily, El Moudjahid, and the state news agency, Algerian Press Service, was gunned down in Bab El Oued, Algiers, where he lived.

Madjid Yacef, L'Hebdo Libéré, March 20, 1994, Algiers

Yacef, a photojournalist with the independent French-language weekly L'Hebdo Libéré, was killed when men armed with automatic weapons and disguised as policemen raided the paper's Algiers offices and opened fire. A driver with the paper, Rachid Benhaddou, was also killed, and three other employees were seriously wounded. The attack came on a Monday, the day the paper goes to press. Normally, the magazine's director is present on Mondays, but that morning he was attending the funeral of slain journalist Djamel Benzaghou. The center-left weekly is anti-fundamentalist.

Mohamed Meceffeuk, Détective, April 13, 1994, near Chlef

Meceffeuk, a journalist with the weekly magazine Détective who also contributed to the independent El-Watan, was shot and killed about 32 miles outside the town of Chlef.

Ferhat Cherkit, El Moudjahid, June 7, 1994, Algiers

Cherkit, adjunct editor-in-chief of the government-run daily El Moudjahid, was shot and killed in downtown Algiers, not far from the paper's headquarters. It is believed that he was targeted for assassination by armed Islamic militants, from whom he had been receiving threats.

Yasmina Drici, Le Soir d'Algérie, July 10, 1994, Algiers

Drici, a proofreader with the French-language daily Le Soir d'Alégrie, and a friend were stopped by a group of men in police uniforms as they were driving near Drici's home in the Algiers suburb of Rouiba. The journalist objected when the men removed her friend from the car. The men then searched Drici's pocketbook and discovered her press card. Her friend was released. Police found Drici's body with her throat slit the next day.

Mohamed Lamine Legoui, Algerian Press Service, July 21, 1994, M'Sila

Legoui , M'Sila correspondent for the Algerian Press Service, was shot and killed by unidentified gunmen outside his home in Bou-Saada, in the M'Sila region. There were no witnesses to the murder, and no group claimed responsibility.

Mouloud Barroudi, National Agency of Filmed News, September 25, 1994, Algiers

The body of Barroudi, a cameraman with the National Agency of Filmed News, was found stabbed to death near his home, west of Algiers.

Smail Sbaghdi, Algerian Press Service, September 25, 1994, Algiers

Sbaghdi, a reporter with the official Algerian Press Service, was killed in Algiers when gunmen opened fire on the taxi in which he was riding.

Lahcene Bensaadallah, El-Irshad, October 12, 1994, Algiers

Bensaadallah, director of El-Irshad, a publication affiliated with the moderate Islamist party Hamas, was shot and killed outside his home in Badr, a neighborhood in Algiers.

Tayeb Bouterfif, Algerian Radio, October 16, 1994,

Bouterfif, who worked for Algerian Radio, the government's Berber-language radio station, was fatally shot outside his home, south of Algiers.

Farah Ziane, Révolution Africaine October 20, 1994, Blida

Ziane, editor of the National Liberation Front weekly Révolution Africaine, was shot and killed outside his home in Blida, south of Algiers.

Mohamed Salah Benachour, Algerian Press Service, October 20, 1994, Boufarik

Benachour, a reporter for the official Algerian Press Service, was shot and killed in Boufarik, south of Algiers, as he was returning from work.

Ahmed Issaad, Algerian Television, November 30, 1994,
Nasseredine Lekhal, El-Massa, November 30, 1994

Issaad, a reporter for Algerian Television, and Lekhal, a reporter for the state-owned Arabic-language daily El-Massa, were killed in Boufarik, about 30 kilometers (about 19 miles) south of Algiers. They were among five residents of Boufarik whom gunmen killed in a raid on the neighborhood. The journalists were forced out of their homes then shot and beheaded, according to Algerian Television.

Said Mekbel, Le Matin, December 4, 1994, Algiers

Mekbel, editor-in-chief of the independent, French-language daily Le Matin, was shot in the head on December by unknown assailants as he ate in a restaurant near his paper's offices in downtown Algiers. He went into a coma and died the next morning. The Armed Islamic Group claimed responsibility for his murder.


Angola: 1

Artur Gilela, Radio Nacional de Angola, June 16, 1994, Kuito

Gilela, a sound engineer with Angolan National Radio was killed covering heavy fighting in Kuito between government forces and rebels of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).


Bosnia and Herzegovina: 6

Dario D'Angelo, RAI-TV, January 28, 1994, near Mostar
Marco Luchetta, RAI-TV January 28, 1994, near Mostar
Alessandro Otta, RAI-TV January 28, 1994, near Mostar

D'Angelo, Luchetta, and Otta, all Italian journalists working for RAI-TV, were killed by mortar fire from Bosnian Croats as they drove into Mostar. They were going to film a documentary about children orphaned by the war there.

Brian Brinton, free-lancer, May 1, 1994, near Mostar
Francis Tomasic, free-lancer, May 1, 1994, near Mostar

Brinton, a free-lance photographer from the United States, and Tomasic, a free-lance journalist acting as a translator for William Vollman of Spin magazine, were killed by road mines en route to Mostar.

Mohammed Hussein Navab, Keyhan, August 30, 1994, Mostar

Navab, a correspondent for the Tehran daily Keyhan, was killed in Mostar by gunmen. He disappeared on August 28, and his body was discovered on September 5. A coroner determined that he died on August 30. A fact-finding mission sent to Mostar by the Iranian government concluded that Croat militiamen abducted and killed Navab.


Brazil: 1

Joao Alberto Ferreira Souto, Jornal do Estado, February 19, 1994, Vitória da Conquista

Souto, owner of Jornal do Estado in Vitória da Conquista, was shot dead by a group of men who ambushed him when he arrived home. He was an outspoken critic of politicians and government officials.


Burundi: 1

Alexis Bandyatuyaga, National Radio and Television of Burundi, September 15, 1994

Bandyatuyaga, a journalist with the National Radio and Television of Burundi, was killed by Burundian army soldiers. Bandyatuyaga had received death threats from an army unit after he reported, in July, about army atrocities in the central part of the country.


Cambodia: 3

Tou Chhom Mongkol, Antarakum, June 11, 1994, Phnom Penh

Mongkol, editor-in-chief of the Khmer-language biweekly Antarakum, died of one day after police found him lying unconscious on a Phnom Penh thoroughfare. Prior to Mongkol's death, Antarakum had carried a number of articles charging government and military officials with corruption, and its offices had been the target of a grenade attack in March.

Nun Chan, Samleng Yuvachun Khmer, September 6, 1994, Phnom Penh

Nun Chan, editor-in-chief of Samleng Yuvachun Khmer, was shot and killed by two unidentified gunmen in central Phnom Penh. Nun had received several official warnings and anonymous death threats for his coverage of government corruption earlier in the year.

Chan Dara, Koh Santepheap, December 8, 1994, Kompong Cham

Dara, a reporter for the Khmer-language newspaper Koh Santepheap, was fatally shot while leaving a restaurant in the northeastern province of Kompong Cham. Dara had reportedly received threats from local officials who thought he was writing articles for Preap Norn Sar, an opposition newspaper that had reported on corruption in the region. Though a high-ranking army officer was arrested days after the murder, he was released in May 1995 after a provincial judge acquitted him for lack of evidence, according to a report by the news agency Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA). During the trial, the defendant, Col. Sat Soeun, "admitted that he had been drinking with the slain journalist on the day of the murder, but testified that another man had emerged from some bushes and fatally shot Chan Dara in the back" after they left the bar, according to the DPA.


Colombia: 1

Jessé Medina Parra, El Fogonazo, January 28, 1994, Cucuta

Medina Parra, a journalist with a local radio station in conflict-ridden Cucuta, was killed on his way to work when an unidentified gunman shot him three times in the head before escaping on a motorcycle. Medina Parra hosted a morning show during which listeners called in to complain about government corruption.


Guatemala: 1

Victor Hugo López Escobar, Radio Progreso, September 12, 1994, Guatemala City

López, director of a news program on Radio Progreso, was gunned down by unidentified assailants as he got out of his car in downtown Guatemala City.


India: 1

Ghulam Muhammad Lone, free-lancer, August 29, 1994, Kangan

Lone, a newspaper salesman and free-lance journalist who contributed to several publications, including the English-language Greater Kashmir, was killed by a group of masked gunmen who also fatally shot his seven-year-old son in their home in Kangan, Kashmir. Lone had reportedly received death threats from a security agent for his coverage of troop movements in Kashmir. Srinagar police attributed the killing to Kashmiri separatists.


Iraq: 1

Lissy Schmidt, Agence France-Presse, Frankfurter Rundschau, Der Tagesspiegel, April 3, 1994, Sulaymaniyah

Schmidt, a German free-lance journalist who worked with Agence France-Presse and the German newspapers Frankfurter Rundschau and Der Tagesspiegel, and a friend were shot and killed when gunmen opened fire on their car outside the city of Sulaymaniyah in the Kurdish-controlled area of northern Iraq.


Mexico: 1

Jorge Martín Dorantes, El Crucero, June 6, 1994, Morelos

Dorantes editor of the weekly El Crucero, published in Cuernavaca, Morelos, was shot and killed by unknown assailants. A known critic of local government officials, Dorantes was the first of three journalists mysteriously murdered in the state of Morelos within a six-week period. Two other journalists were killed in July (see unconfirmed cases). No one was arrested for Dorantes' murder.


Pakistan: 2

Mohammed Salahuddin, Takbeer, December 4, 1994, Karachi

Salahuddin, editor of Urdu-language weekly Takbeer, was fatally shot by two unidentified gunmen on a motorcycle. The assailants ambushed him outside the paper's offices. In his editorials, he was very critical of the Mohajir Quami Movement, a Karachi-based party supported by many Muslim migrants from India.

Mohammad Samdani Warsi, Parcham, December 6, 1994, Karachi

Samdani, business manager of the Urdu-language daily Parcham, was shot and killed by unknown gunmen at the newspaper's office. The assailants were looking for Parcham's editor but turned on Samdani when they failed to find their original target. The paper's editorial policy supports the Mohajir Quami Movement.


Russia: 3

Yuri Soltis, Interfax, June 12, 1994, Moscow

Soltis, a crime reporter for the independent news agency Interfax, was found beaten to death at a train station in the Stroitel district on the outskirts of Moscow. Soltis' colleagues told CPJ that they believe the reporter's murder is linked to his investigation of Russia's criminal underworld.

Dmitry Kholodov, Mosckovski Komsomolets, October 17, 1994, Moscow

Kholodov, an investigative reporter for the Moscow-based newspaper Mosckovski Komsomolets, was killed in a bomb blast at the newspaper's offices. Kholodov, who had been investigating mafia connections with the military, was killed when he opened a briefcase he had been led to believe contained secret documents exposing military corruption.

Cynthia Elbaum, free-lancer, December 22, 1994, Grozny

Elbaum, a 28-year-old American free-lance photographer, was killed during a Russian air raid over Grozny, capital of the breakaway republic of Chechnya.


Rwanda: 15

André Kameya, Rwanda Rushya, April-June, 1994, Rwanda

Kameya, editor-in-chief of the newspaper Rwanda Rushya and an official of the opposition Liberal Party, was killed with his wife and son. Kameya had been imprisoned and threatened with death under the Hutu-dominated Habyarimana regime on several occasions since 1991.

Many of Rwanda's journalists were among the first victims of the massacres that erupted after the presidents of Rwanda and Burundi were killed in a suspicious pace crash on April 6, 1994. The Rwandan Armed Forces and Hutu militias took the opportunity to eliminate political opponents and independent journalists among them Hutu critics of the regime. CPJ lists 14 journalists whose murders during the massacres, a preponderance of circumstantial evidence suggest, are directly attributable to their work.

Winifrida Mukamana, Reba Videwo, April 7, 1994, Remera

Mukamana, an editor at the video production company Reba Videwo, was killed by the military in Remera, near Kigali's airport, on the first day of the massacres.

Eudés Nshimiryo, TV Rwanda, April 7 1994, Kigali

Nshimiryo, a director with the state-run TV Rwanda, was killed at his home in Nyamirambo, Kigali, on the first day of the massacres. Soldiers came to his home while he was entertaining guests, some of whom were Tutsi. The soldiers attacked the guests, and Nshimiryo came to their defense by showing the soldiers his press card. He was killed immediately.

Aloys Nyimbuzi, L'Observateur, April 7, 1994, Kigali

Nyimbuzi, a journalist with the opposition paper L'Observateur, was killed at his home in Gikondo, Kigali, on the first day of the massacres.

Gilbert Munana, Le Flambeau. April 8, 1994, Kigali

Munana, a journalist on the opposition newspaper Le Flambeau, was killed by militiamen in Gikondo on the second day of the massacres.

Tharcisse Rubwiriza, Orinfor, April 8 or 9,1994, Kigali

Rubwiriza, a journalist in the radio section of the government information department Orinfor, was killed at his home in Gikondo, Kigali, on April 8 or 9. Rubwiriza ran a popular Sunday morning radio program where he reviewed a cross section of the week's newspapers and discussed opposition views.

Gratien Karambizi, Imbaga, April 9, 1994, Kigali

Karambizi, a journalist with the opposition paper Imbaga, was killed at his home in Kimisayara, Kigali. Two of his children were killed with him. He had been detained for six weeks in 1991.

Vincent Rwabukwisi, Kanguka, April 10-12, 1994, Kigali

Rwabukwizi, director of the opposition newspaper Kanguka, was shot dead by the military sometime between April 10 and 12 in front of his home in Nyamirambo, Kigali. He was considered to be close to the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front. The government had long persecuted Rwabukwizi for his work as a journalist, including a 15-year jail term imposed in 1990, of which he served 10 months. Within a month of his release, he was detained again for a further four months. He was freed in September 1991 but was constantly harassed. He sometimes went into hiding.

Obed Bazimaziki, Le Flambeau, April 11, 1994, Kigali
Charles Bideri-Munyangabe, Le Messager, April 11, 1994, Kigali
Bazimaziki, a journalist with the opposition paper Le Flambeau, was killed near his home in Nyakabanda, Kigali. His cooleague Bideri-Munyangabe, a journalist with Le Messager, was also killed at the same time. The government had detained Bazimaziki in 1991.

Marcellin Kayiranga, Kanguka, April 22, 1994, Kigali

Kayiranga, an editor for the opposition newspaper Kanguka, was thrown into the latrines at the home of his cousin in Muhima, Kigali, and killed. In 1993, Kayiranga had gone into hiding for several weeks after learning that state security agents were searching for him.

Charles Karinganire, Le Flambeau, April 24 1994, Kigali

Karinganire, a journalist with the opposition paper Le Flambeau, was killed at his home by soldiers who butchered him with machetes and then cut him into pieces in front of his young brother. Karinganire had been detained for more than two months in 1991.

Emmanuel-Damien Rukondo, Rubyiruko-Rubanda, April 24, 1994, Kigali

Rukondo, a free-lance journalist for Rubyiruko-Rubanda and president of the Association of Newspaper Owners, was killed in Centre Saint-Paul, in Kiyovu, Kigali. He was forced to get into the back of a truck and was paraded naked around the neighborhood before being killed and cut up into pieces.

Anastase Seruvumba, Imbaga, April 29, 1994
Seruvumba, a journalist with the opposition paper Imbaga, was killed after having been denounced. He had returned to Rwanda in January 1994 after two years of study in Switzerland. He also worked for Kinyamateka newspaper.

Vénant Ntawucikayenda, TV Rwanda, May 10, 1994, Kigali

Ntawucikayenda, a cameraman for state-run TV Rwanda, was killed in a bomb blast at the TV station.


Somalia: 3

Miran Krovatin, RAI-3 Television, March 20, 1994, Mogadishu
Ilaria Alpi, RAI-3 Television, March 20, 1994, Mogadishu

Alpi, an Italian journalist, and Krovatin, a Slovakian cameraman, both on assignment for the Italian state RAI-3 television station, were killed when men armed with machine guns opened fire on their pickup truck outside the Italian embassy.

Pierre Anceaux, CARITAS-Switzerland, August 31, 1994, Baidoa

Anceaux, a Swiss journalist on assignment with the charity group CARITAS-Switzerland, was shot and killed in a CARITAS-run refugee camp in Baidoa, southwest of Mogadishu. Armed men in a jeep fired at Anceaux as he was interviewing a Somali woman. CARITAS shut down its operations in Somalia after the murder.


South Africa: 2

Abdul Shariff, free-lancer, January 9, 1994, Katlehong Township

Shariff, a free-lance photographer on assignment for the Associated Press , was killed in cross fire while covering an African National Congress tour in the township of Katlehong. He died of a bullet wound to the chest

Ken Oosterbroek, The Star, April 18, 1994, Thokoza

Oosterbroek, chief photographer for Johannesburg's The Star newspaper, was shot and killed while covering a gunbattle between Inkatha supporters and the National Peacekeeping Force in the township of Thokoza, 11 days before South Africa's first democratic election.


Tajikistan: 1

Khushvakht Haydarsho, Jumhuriyat, May 18, 1994, Dushanbe

Haydarsho, secretary of the editorial board of the Tajik-language government newspaper Jumhuriyat, was shot dead near his home in Dushanbe. Local journalists believe his murder is connected to a series of articles he published on "the criminal and political mafia" in Tajikistan.


Turkey: 2

Nazim Babaoglu, Ozgur Gundem, March 12, 1994, near Urfa

Babaoglu, Urfa correspondent for the pro-Kurdish daily Ozgur Gundem, was presumed dead after disappearing in Siverek, a small town near Urfa. He had traveled there to follow up on a news tip from a colleague, who later denied phoning him.

Erol Akgun, Devrimci Cozum, September 8, 1994, Gebze

Akgun, editor-in-chief of the left-wing weekly Devrimci Cozum, was killed by unidentified assailants as he left his home in Gebze, near Istanbul. His colleagues at the paper believe a rival left-wing faction killed him because he was the weekly's editor.


Zaire: 2

Pierre Kabeya, Kin-Matin, June 8, 1994, Kinshasa

Kabeya, a reporter for the opposition weekly Kin-Matin, was found dead on June 9 near Loana military camp in the Kintambo district of Kinshasa. A copy of Kin-Matin had been placed near his body. His death may have been linked to an article he filed on a 1991 trial in which security forces were implicated in the 1990 attack on the Lumbumbashi University campus that killed several students.

Adolphe Missamba Ndengi Kavula, Nsemo, November 12, 1994, Kasangulu

Kavula, editor-in-chief and owner of the opposition newspaper Nsemo and a prominent member of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress, was kidnapped on October 28 by a group of men thought to be from the Presidential Militia. Ten days later, he was found barely alive in a field on his farm outside Kasangulu, 20 miles (30 kilometers) from Kinshasa. He appeared to have been badly tortured. He died in a Kinshasa clinic on November 12. An autopsy was not performed, but medical tests indicated that he may have been injected with a toxic substance. Zairian authorities claimed that Kavula's death was a suicide.